黏土矿物对于储层敏感性的影响与控制作用——以庆阳合水地区长6超低渗砂岩储层为例

以鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长6超低渗透砂岩储层为例,综合应用储层敏感性、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等实验技术方法,系统研究了储层敏感性类型及损害程度,并深入地探讨了黏土矿物对于长6储层敏感性的影响与控制作用。结果表明:①长6油层的储层敏感性整体表现为中等偏强水敏性和速敏性、弱酸敏性、强盐敏性以及中等偏弱碱敏性的五敏特征;②储层黏土矿物主要有高岭石、伊利石、绿泥石以及伊蒙混层等4种类型,且以伊利石含量最高;③储层敏感性及其程度明显受控于黏土矿物类型及其含量,并且具有黏土矿物含量越高、储层敏感性越强的特点。本研究成果将为合水地区长6油层注水开发过程中有效保护储层以及提高采收率提供重要的参考依据。     

三峡工程的防排水措施与材料

介绍了三峡工程中大坝、永久船闸基础及一些建筑物的防排水措施和所用材料。     

Quality assessment of bed sediments of the Po River (Italy)

Comprehensive and contemporary evaluations of physical, chemical and toxicological endpoints have been performed on bed sediments of the Po River, the major Italian watercourse. Two extensive sampling campaigns were conducted in summer and winter low-flow conditions. Composite sediment samples were collected from ten reaches of the main river: the first was located in the upper region (ambient control), and the others downstream of the confluences of nine principal tributaries. The two sampling programs were paralleled by contemporary investigations on the macroinvertebrate community. The particle-size composition along the Po River showed a relatively uniform distribution of fine sand, a progressive downstream decrease of coarse sands and a corresponding increase of fine materials. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), extractable organo halides (EOX), Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in sediment fine particles (< 63 microm), and showed marked changes across the ten river reaches. Their longitudinal trends, as those of organic carbon and total nitrogen, were very similar and largely independent of the survey season. Sediment quality benchmarks were used to evaluate sediment chemistry, and, although the overall level of contamination was from moderate to low, the reaches located downstream of the tributaries Dora Riparia, Dora Baltea, Lambro and Oglio were considered to be at risk. Sediments were tested for toxicity on Oncorhynchus mykiss, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Raphidocelis subcapitata and Vibrio fischeri. The toxicity tests were conducted both with sediment extracts and whole samples. Sediment extracts showed toxic potentials that were consistent with the spatial distribution of contaminants. Whole-sediment toxicity showed moderate/low effects which also included false positives and negatives. Alterations of the macroinvertebrate community were found for many kilometers downstream of Dora Riparia, and with a seasonal dependence, also in other reaches of the Italian river. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to describe the longitudinal and temporal changes of the Po River, and allowed the selection of the most useful and discriminating indicators.     

基于城市河流半自然化的生态防洪对策——河滨缓冲带与柔性堤岸设计导引

旨在将城市河流半自然化与生态防洪对策落实到城市设计层面。根据观测水位、防洪、防潮标准确定缓冲带鼓励淹没范围、堤顶控制点标高,结合亲水性活动、适宜土地利用方式及景观要素,给出8种典型缓冲带断面设计及相应护岸生态工法。设计导引以海河下游为例,采用绩效控制、示例设计方法,主要内容包括目标-策略表、控制要点与编制方法表、示例设计图、应用索引图等。导引有助于消除防洪设施带来的视线遮挡、增强河滨缓冲带土地利用复合性与公共性,缓解防洪与亲水性、城市区生态用地与河滨土地稀缺性等矛盾,以保持河滨持久性活力。     

Genotoxicity in water and sediment extracts from the St Lawrence river system, using the SOS chromotest

Surface water and sediments from the St Lawrence River system (Québec region) were analysed for genotoxicity using the SOS Chromotest, as well as for their chemical concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Additionally, chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorinated pesticides, ammonia and nitrite concentrations in sediments were determined. Water and sediments sampled from twenty-five sites were initially partitioned into their aqueous and particulate phases by tangential flow filtration and centrifugation, respectively. Organic contaminants were extracted from the fractions with dichloromethane. For surface water, fifteen extracts of filtered water and seven of particulates, and for sediments one extract of pore water and three of particulates proved to be weakly genotoxic. All but one of the genotoxic responses observed in the surface water were obtained from samples taken from the highly industrial portion of the St Lawrence River system, with the strongest responses observed in Lake St Louis. Surface water genotoxicants partitioning favours the particulate fraction. Bottom particulates genotoxicity was 1000-fold weaker than suspended particulates, on a per unit weight basis. Additionally, whole sediments were extracted with a 10% dimethylsulfoxide-saline solution. The observed distributions of genotoxicity values did not correlate with observed concentrations of demonstrated SOS inducers, mutagens and/or carcinogens, nor with the presence of other toxic chemicals.     

嘉华嘉陵江大桥弱电系统设计

我国的城市大型桥梁及隧道正处在起步发展的阶段,由于这些领域的弱电控制系统具有一定的复杂性、特殊性,故在确定弱电方案时必须充分考虑大型桥梁、隧道等工程长距离、大范围、设备分散性、控制复杂等特点。     

泛珠三角区域合作中各方利益的差异与协调

泛珠三角地区的经济合作，由于该地区市场主体不同，必然存在着多元化利益冲突，共同利益是区域经济合作的动力．但利益冲突的存在往往阻碍了合作的有效运行。本文特就该地区各方利益的差异进行了探讨，在分析原因的基础上提出协调解决的办法。     

大沽排污河沉积物中重金属的分布特性研究

通过对大沽河上、中游及其支流44个点位沉积物的采样及检测，分析了沉积物中重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Hg、As）的分布特点及相关关系。结果显示，大沽河上、中游的沉积物中重金属含量之间存在着相关关系，部分沉积物中重金属含量超标，河床中部沉积物的厚度最大，而在河床两侧重金属含量出现极值，这为河道疏浚及河床断面设计提供了参考。     

Learning from the extreme River Tyne flood in January 2005

Extreme floods often demonstrate unanticipated characteristics that pose problems for management and response. The floods on the Tyne and Eden in January 2005 provided numerous examples of such unexpected response. This paper describes characteristics of storm rainfall and runoff generation on the River Tyne catchment, flood effects and damage. Unusual aspects of hydrological behaviour are highlighted as a basis for assessing what lessons can be learned for flood risk management. These include problems associated with coincidence of extreme wind speeds and rainfall, the retarding influence of floodplain storage on flood wave travel time in extreme flows, the influence of critical storm duration on the severity of the resulting flood on headwaters and main river, and the variety of mechanisms of flood occurrence. The occurrence of such an extreme flood provides the opportunity to validate and enhance the review process of the Environment Agency's flood zone maps.